The violence was sparked by the demolition of the country's main Sunni Arab anti-government protest camp near Ramadi in late 2013.
It spread to Fallujah, and security forces later withdrew from areas of both cities, leaving them open for capture.
In June, the Islamic State (IS) group spearheaded a major militant offensive that swept security forces aside.
The militants overran Iraq's second city Mosul and then drove south towards Baghdad, raising fears that the capital itself would be attacked.
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